Jul. 29, 2024
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The inception of rotary positive machines has a rich history. One notable antecedent includes the Pappenheim Engine, which may trace its origins back to the 17th century. The German engineer Franz Reuleaux documented various early examples in his work, Kinematics of Machinery. These devices operated under a shared principle involving two rotating wheels engaged by lobes or teeth, serving multiple functions including pumping and ventilation.
Reuleaux pointed out that shortly before the Roots’ breakthrough, similar pneumatic devices were fabricated in England. He highlighted a blowing apparatus made by George Jones of Birmingham in 1850, along with an earlier variant. While speculation exists that the Roots brothers might have drawn inspiration from contemporary British inventions, it’s essential to note that they independently elevated the design and successfully implemented it on a significant scale.
The London Engineer concluded that "Mr. Roots has the merit of having brought the machine independently to such a state of perfection as to render it superior in many respects to the ordinary fan, and to make it an aspiring competition with the blowing cylinder."
Roots blowers found early major application in cupola furnaces. Initial prototypes were trialed in foundries, leading to substantial production for this sector. A notable blower designed for the West Cumberland Hematite Iron Works in Workington was showcased. At the Philadelphia Centennial, Roots blowers were heralded by Scientific American Supplement as efficient and cost-effective tools for foundry utilization:
Force-blast blowers present notable advantages, including energy efficiency and predictable performance. The models developed by the Roots brothers of Connersville, Indiana, met these criteria exceptionally well.
Regarding energy efficiency, these blowers functioned through a consistent displacement of air, ensuring a regular air supply with minimal friction and no internal contact between parts during operation. Such design features contribute to the blower’s reliability and effectiveness.
Roots blowers delivered a defined volume of air with each revolution, which helped maintain optimal conditions for processes requiring precise measurements of iron, fuel, and air within a given timeframe.
Industrial Management magazine indicated that rotary blowers remained prevalent in cupola applications, particularly for pressures ranging from 1/2 pound per square foot to 8 or 9 pounds per square foot.
Another substantial application for the blowers emerged in mine ventilation, where they became instrumental in some of the most extensive setups of the 19th century. Notably, by 1860, several Roots blowers were in operation within the Comstock lode mines. Some of the largest models were commissioned at the Chilton Colliery near Ferryhill, England, boasting an impressive impeller diameter of 25 feet and a width of 13 feet, achieving a combined flow capacity of 200,000 cubic feet per minute. Reports indicated that the Roots machines were the most efficient installations available at the time.
Among the many innovative applications of Roots blowers was the use in Alfred Beach’s underground subway project in 1870 beneath Broadway in New York City. This monumental "aeolar," with an imposing height of 21 1/2 feet and 16-foot long impellers, produced an impressive air supply of 100,000 cubic feet per minute at a rotational speed of 60 RPM. The intricate design and engineering resulted in extensive transportation capabilities across the subway system.
A multitude of modifications to the original design led to newer patents and continuous enhancements, making the Roots blower a staple in various applications such as pneumatic tubes, aeration, agitation processes, supercharging on diesel engines, and vacuum operations.
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